The Impact of Job Satisfaction and Employee Empowerment on Loyalty Amongst the Employees, Case of A Private University in Kurdistan Region, Iraq
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23918/ejmss.V3i3p22Keywords:
Employee Empowerment, Employee Satisfaction, Loyalty, Linear Regression, Higher education, Kurdistan regionAbstract
Currently, some researchers claim that job satisfaction, employee empowerment, and employee loyalty are related to each other. This research aims to investigate if that theory holds true in the case of a private university in Erbil. A quantitative method following the Deductive approach to theory development was used to create a questionnaire as a method of data collection that measured job satisfaction, employee empowerment, and loyalty. It was sent out to 300 employees via the official email of the university, and the researchers received 68 responses. Then the sample answers were used to calculate the results. The researchers used a reliability test (Cronbach Alpha), correlation, descriptive analysis, and linear regression analysis. The research results revealed that Employee Empowerment and Job satisfaction significantly affect employee loyalty in the case of the private university in the Kurdistan region or Iraq.
References
Albahussain, S. (2014). The Impact of Human Resources Management Activities on Employees
Loyalty in Private Organizations in Saudi Arabia. Journal Of Economics, Business and
Management, 31-37. doi: 10.7763/joebm. 2014.v2.94
Arnold, J., Rhoades, J. A., Drasgow, F., & Arad, S. (2000). The empowering leadership
questionnaire: The construction and validation of a new scale for measuring leader
behaviors. Journal of Organizational Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-
1379(200005) 21:33.0.CO;2-#
Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in Social Exchange. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,
267–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60108-2
Asmawi-, M. (2017). The Effect of Compensation, Empowerment, And Job Satisfaction On
Employee Loyalty. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management. doi:
10.18535/ijsrm/v5i12.03
Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1988). The Jossey-Bass management series.Charismatic
leadership: The elusive factor in organizational effectiveness. Jossey-Bass.
Volume 3, Issue 3, 2022 Page 32 of 33
EJMSS
Deci, E. L. (1971). Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology.
Dede, Y. E., & Sazkaya, M. K. (2018). The Mediating Role of Employee Loyalty between
Employees
Empowerment and Employee Innovative Behavior: A Study from Teknopark Istanbul. The
Mediating Role of Employee Loyalty between Employee Empowerment and Employee
Innovative Behavior: A Study from Teknopark Istanbul.
Dessler, G. (2013). Fundamentals of Human Resource Management (3rd ed). Pearson.
Fawad Latif, K. (2012). An integrated model of training effectiveness and satisfaction with
employee development interventions. Industrial And Commercial Training, 44(4), 211-
222. doi: 10.1108/00197851211231487
Festinger, L. (1954). A Theory of Social Comparison Processes. Human Relations, doi:
10.1177/001872675400700202
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2019). IBM SPSS Statistics 25 Step by Step: A Simple Guide and
Reference (15th ed.). Taylor & Francis.
Gonzalez, E. (2022). A Guide to the Functions of Human Resource Management. Retrieved 2022,
from https://www.fool.com/the-ascent/small-business/human-resources/articles/functions-
of-human-resource-management/
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory.
Organizational Behavior & Human Performance, 16(2), 250–279.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(76)90016-7
Heathfield, S. (2021). What is Human Resource Management? from
https://www.thebalancecareers.com/what-is-human-resource-management-1918143
Hoek, J. (2013). What is employee loyalty? https://www.effectory.com/knowledge/what-is-
employee-loyalty/
Hoppock, R. & Spiegler, S. (1938). Job Satisfaction. Occupations: The Vocational Guidance
Journal, 16(7), 636-643. doi: 10.1002/j.2164-5892.1938.tb00348.x
KOÇ, M.., Fedai ÇAVUŞ, M.., & Saraçoglu, T. (2014). Human Resource Management Practices,
Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment. International Journal of Academic
Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(9). doi: 10.6007/ijarbss/v4-i9/1147
Lee, S. (2008) Relationships among leadership empowerment, job satisfaction, and employee
loyalty in university dining student workers. doi: 10.31274/rtd-180813-16877
Locke, E.A. (1976) Nature and Causes of Job Satisfaction. In: Dunnette, M.D., Ed., Handbook
of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 1, 1297-1343.
Volume 3, Issue 3, 2022 Page 33 of 33
EJMSS
Mcconnell, B. (2021). Why employee loyalty matters and 10 ways to improve it. Retrieved 2022,
from https://recruitee.com/articles/employee-loyalty
Mcleod, S. (2018). Questionnaire: Definition, examples, design and types. Questionnaire:
Definition, Examples, Design and Types – Simply Psychology.
Noe, R., Clarke, A., & Klein, H. (2014). Learning in the Twenty-First-Century Workplace. Annual
Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 245-275. doi:
10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091321
Page, O. (2020). Job Satisfaction Theory: 6 Factors That Influence Performance. from
https://positivepsychology.com/job-satisfaction-theory/
Pandey, S., Khare, A., & Bhardwaj, P. (2015). Antecedents to local store loyalty: influence of
culture, cosmopolitanism, and price. International Journal of Retail & Distribution
Management, 43(1), 5-25. doi: 10.1108/ijrdm-08-2013-0156
Rajput, S., Singhal, M., & Tiwari, S. (2016). Job Satisfaction and Employee Loyalty: A study of
Academicians. Asian Journal of Management, 7(2), 105. doi: 10.5958/2321-
5763.2016.00015.9
Spector Paul, E. (1994). Job Satisfaction Survey. Tampa, FL: Department of Psychology,
University of South Florida.
Spreitzer, G. M. (1995). Psychological, empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions,
measurement and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1442–1465.
https://doi.org/10.2307/256865
Staw, B. M., Bell, N. E., & Clausen, J. A. (1986). The dispositional approach to job attitudes: A
lifetime longitudinal test. Administrative Science Quarterly, 31(1), 56–77.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2392766
Steptoe-Warren, G. (2013). Occupational psychology: An applied approach. Pearson.
Tariq, H., Ilyas, M., & Abdul Rehman, C. (2017). Assessing Employee Loyalty through
Organizational Attributes in Telecom Sector: Empirical Evidence. Advances In Social
Sciences Research Journal, 4(8). doi: 10.14738/assrj.48.3096
Thomas, K. W., & Velthouse, B. A. (1990). Cognitive elements of empowerment: An
“interpretive” model of Intrinsic Task Motivation. The Academy of Management Review,
15(4), 666. https://doi.org/10.2307/258687
Weiss, H. M. (2002). Deconstructing job satisfaction. Human Resource Management Review,
12(2), 173–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1053-4822(02)00045-1
Wooll, M. (2022). What is human resources management? Retrieved 2022, from
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Eurasian Journal of Management & Social Sciences (EJMSS)
Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 2.0 Generic Licence (CC BY-NC 2.0)
