Understanding Gender Spectrum: Indian Experience

Authors: Swapnil Singh1
1International Relations and Diplomacy, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq

 

 

 

Abstract:Every human being strives for a dignified life, which is a basic human right and conscious efforts have been made for so long to work towards achieving equality in Indian society. This struggle has given rise to the concept of inclusiveness which has become an integral part of the development paradigm. To date, the country is fighting for inclusive growth, where gender equality is a prerequisite. The provisions of the Indian Constitution are objective in nature and do not discriminate on the basis of sex. This paper throws light on the efforts of the Indian judiciary to bring the marginalized and excluded sections in the mainstream of Indian society. The paper further discusses the socio-legal aspects of exclusionary and discriminatory practices towards the Transgender community which is the most disadvantaged section of the society and thus makes them socially disabled.

 

Keywords: Social Exclusion, Social Discrimination, Gender Identity, Transgender, Social Disability


Download the PDF Document

 

doi: 10.23918/ejmss.v1i1p36

References

Agoramoorthy, G., & Hsu, M. J. (2007). India’s homosexual discrimination and AIDS. Revista de Saude Publica, 41(4), 657-660.

Agoramoorthy, G., & Hsu, M. J. (2015). Living on the societal edge: India’s Transgender realities. Journal of Religion and Health, 54(4), 1451-1459.

Agrawal, A. (1977). Gendered Bodies: The case of the ‘Third Gender’ in India. Contributions to Indian Sociology, 31(2), 273-297.

Anasuya, S.L. (2016). Over two years after landmark judgment, Transgender people are still struggling. The Wire. https://thewire.in/

Bem, S. L. (1981). Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing. Psychological Review, 88 (4), 354-364.

Bem, S. L. (1985). Androgyny and gender schema theory: A conceptual and empirical integration. In Theo B.

Sonderegger (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1984: Psychology and Gender (pp. 179-226). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.

Bem, S. L. (2008). The lenses of gender: Transforming the debate on sexual inequality. London: Yale University Press.

Bem, S. L. (2009). Accounting for doing gender. Gender & Society, 23(1), 112-122.

Blackwood, E. (1984). Sexuality and gender in certain native American tribes: The case of cross-gender females. Signs,10 (1), 27-42.

Bornstein, K. (1995). Gender outlaw. New York: Routledge.

Bullough, V. L., & Bullough, B. (1993). Cross dressing, sex, and gender. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Callender, C., & Kochems. (1983). The north American berdache. Current Anthropology, 24(4), 443-470.

Candace, W., & Zimmerman, D.H. (1987). Doing gender. Gender & Society 1(2), 125-51.

Chauncey, G. (1994). Gay New York: Gender; Urban Culture, and the making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940. New York: Basic Books.

Connell, C. (2010). Doing, undoing, or redoing gender? Learning from the workplace experiences of transpeople. Gender & Society 24, 31-55.

Deutsch, F. (2007). Undoing gender. Gender & Society 21(1), 106-27.

Devor, H. (1997). FTM: Female-to-Male transsexuals in society. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Dorius, S., & Firebaugh, G. (2010). Trends in global gender inequality. Social Forces, 88(5), 1941-1968.

Dozier, R. (2005). Beards, breasts, and bodies: Doing sex in a gendered world. Gender & Society, 19(3), 297-316.

Fausto, A. (1992). Myths of gender: Biological theories about women and men. New York: Basic Books.

Fisher, M.J. (1963). Antidiscrimination in India: Laws and courts fight centuries of custom. American Bar Association Journal, 49(11), 1104-1107.

Foucault, M. (2000). Truth and power. New York: The New Press.

Gagne, P., & Tewksbury, R. (1998). Conformity pressures and gender resistance among transgendered individuals. Social Problems, 45, 81-102.

Gagne, P., Tewksbury, R., & McGaughey, D. (1997). Coming out and crossing over: Identity formation and proclamation in a transgender community. Gender & Society, 11(4), 478-508.

Garber, M. (1992). Vested interests: Cross-dressing and cultural anxiety. New York: Harper Perennial.

Garfinkel, H. (1967). Studies in ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Halberstam, J. (2005). In a queer time and place. New York: New York University Press.

Herdt, G. (ed.) (1994). Third sex, third gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History. New York: Zone Books.

Jeffery, R., & Singal, N. (2008). Measuring disability in India. Economic and Political Weekly, 43(12/13), 2224.

Jenness, V., & Fenstermaker. (2014). Agnes goes to prison. Gender & Society, 28(1), 5-31.

Kane, E. (2012). The gender trap. New York: New York University Press.

Kessler, S. J., & McKenna, W. (1978). Gender: An ethnomethodological approach. New York: Wiley.

Lev, A. (2004). Transgender emergence. New York: Berkley Books.

Lorber, J. (1999). Crossing borders and erasing boundaries: Paradoxes of identity politics. Sociological Focus, 32(4), 355-370.

Markus, H., Crane, M., Bernstein, S., & Siladi, M. (1982). Self-Schema and gender. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 38- 50.

Mehrotra, N. (2006). Negotiating gender and disability in rural Haryana. Sociological Bulletin, 55(3), 406-426.

Mehrotra, N. (2011). Disability rights movements in India: Politics and practice. Economic and Political Weekly, 46(6), 65-72.

Modi, I. (2015). Social Exclusion and Inequality: Challenges before a developing society. Sociological Bulletin, 64(1), 3-14.

Nanda, S. (1989). Neither man nor woman: The Hijras of India. Belmonk: Wadsworth Publishing Company.

Reddy, C.R. (2011). From impairment to disability and beyond: Critical explorations in disability studies. Sociological Bulletin, 60(2), 287-306.

Schilt, K., & Westbrook, L. (2009). Doing gender, doing heteronormativity. Gender & Society 23, 440-64.

Schmitt, B., Leclerc, F., & Dubé-Rioux, L. (1988). Sex typing and consumer behavior: A test of gender schema theory. Journal of Consumer Research, 15(1), 122-128.

Spence, J. T. (1984). Masculinity, femininity and gender-related traits: A conceptual analysis and critique of current research in progress in experimental personality research: normal personality processes, Vol. 13, eds. Brendan A. Maler and Winfried B. Maler, New York: Academic Press, 1-97.

Stacey, J., & Biblarz, T.J. (2001). (How) does the sexual orientation of parent’s matter? American Sociological Review, 66, 159-83.

Staples, J. (2011). At the intersection of disability and masculinity: exploring gender and bodily difference in India. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 17(3), 545-562.

Walworth, J. (1998). Transsexual workers: An employer’s guide. Los Angeles: Center for Gender Sanity.

Wentling, T., Windsor, E., Schilt, K., & Lucal, B. (2008). Teaching transgender. Teaching Sociology, 36(1), 49-57.

 

 


Visits: 7